Civil Engineering Simplified
Acid rain, also known as acid deposition, is a general phrase that refers to any type of precipitation that contains acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid, and falls to the ground in wet or dry form from the atmosphere. This can include acidic rain, snow, fog, hail, or even dust.
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India’s constitutional framework and international commitments clearly reflects the necessity for environmental protection and conservation, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources. Part IVA (Article 51A-Fundamental Duties) of the Indian Constitution imposes a duty on every Indian citizen to safeguard and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and animals, as well as to have compassion towards living beings.
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Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living organisms. Plants receive the sun’s energy through photosynthesis and transform carbon dioxide and water into nutrients. They store this energy in biomass (carbohydrates). We can convert this stored energy into useable energy in both direct and indirect ways. We can burn biomass directly to provide heat, turn it directly to electricity, or process it into biofuel (indirect).
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Fuel cells are electrochemical cells that use a pair of redox reactions to transform the chemical energy of a fuel (typically hydrogen) and an oxidising agent (usually oxygen) into electricity. It finds various applications, including transportation, industrial/commercial/residential structures, and long-term grid energy storage in reversible systems.
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Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy in which we convert the tidal action in the ocean to electric power. It takes advantage of the natural rise and fall of coastal tidal waters. The interaction of the Sun’s and Moon’s gravitational fields generates these tides. The variation in water level generated by tides includes a lot of potential energy. We convert this potential energy to electrical energy in a tidal power station.
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Wind energy or wind power refers to the process of using the wind to generate mechanical or electrical power. This mechanical energy can be employed for specialized purposes such as pumping water or it can be converted to electricity using a generator. A wind farm is a collection of wind turbines that are all located in the same area. A huge wind farm can include hundreds of separate wind turbines spread out over a vast region.
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Sun emits radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves in all directions. This radiation has the potential to increase the temperature of materials, cause chemical reactions and generate electricity. Solar energy is the radiant heat and light from the Sun that we capture using a variety of technologies, including solar power to create electricity, solar thermal energy, such as solar water heating, and solar architecture.
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Sustainable waste management refers to the collection, transportation, valuation, and disposal of different types of garbage in a manner that does not damage the environment, human health, or future generations. It encompasses all activities involved in waste management, from production to final treatment.
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